ARTICLE RETRACTION

An article may be withdrawn (subject to the retraction procedure) if:

• Significant errors have been identified that cast doubt on its scientific value;

• The research results have been previously published elsewhere (e.g., in cases of redundant or duplicate publication);

• The research constitutes plagiarism;

• There is evidence of fraudulent authorship;

• There is evidence of unethical research or violations of professional ethical codes.

In such cases, an official retraction notice is published in the next issue of the journal. In the electronic version on the website, each page of the publication is marked with a "RETRACTED" watermark. The retraction notice must include information regarding the party initiating the retraction (the authors or the editorial board), as well as clearly stated grounds for the decision. The text of the retracted article remains available in open access with appropriate marking to ensure transparency and maintain the integrity of the scientific archive.

A request for article retraction may be initiated by authors, editors, or third parties. Upon receipt of such an appeal, the Editorial Board conducts a thorough investigation involving the authors and, if necessary, independent external experts.

If necessary, authors of a scientific article currently under review may initiate the withdrawal of their manuscript. Such a request is permitted only until the moment of publication. To withdraw a manuscript, authors must submit an official letter to the Editorial Board clearly and reasonably stating the reasons for the decision. The letter must be concise and signed by all co-authors.

The Editorial Board maintains the integrity of the scholarly record and provides for the possibility of making changes to already published materials if inaccuracies or circumstances that may affect their interpretation are identified. Depending on the nature of the situation (technical or substantive), the Editorial Board may issue clarifications, corrections, or other informational notices related to the original publication. In cases where reasonable questions arise regarding specific aspects of the study that require additional time for verification, the Editorial Board may publish a Statement of Concern. All decisions regarding the format of such notices are made by the Editorial Board in accordance with  COPE  recommendations and with the aim of ensuring the transparency of scientific information.